The first ideas about the universe were very naive, they were closely intertwined with religious beliefs, which were based on the division of the world into two parts – earthly and heavenly. If now every child knows that the Earth is a heavenly body, then earlier “earthly” was opposed to “heavenly”. People thought that there was a “firmament of heaven” to which the stars were attached, and the Earth was taken for the motionless center of the universe.

The emergence of the natural sciences But, in the end, thanks to human activity, so much knowledge accumulated that it led to the birth of the first sciences. The first physicists were Greek thinkers who tried to explain the observed phenomena of nature. The most prominent of the ancient thinkers was Aristotle (384-322 BC), who introduced the word “fusis”, which in Greek means nature. Even in ancient times, methods of scientific knowledge of nature began to develop (observation, assumption (hypothesis), modeling, thought experiment, etc.). All natural-mathematical sciences—physics, astronomy, chemistry, geography, biology, and mathematics—began their development from the works of scientists-philosophers of the ancient period. The development of mathematics, geography, p hysics, chemistry and others, if not directly, then indirectly, was associated with the successes and demands of astronomy in study of celestial bodies.

In the II century. n. e. The Alexandrian astronomer Ptolemy proposed a geocentric (“geo” – earth) “system of the world.” Around the Earth, according to Ptolemy, move (in order of distance from the Earth) Moon , Mercury , Venus, Sun , Mars , Jupiter , Saturn, stars. But already at that time, visible observations of the motion of the Moon, the Sun, and the planets indicated that this motion was much more complicated. Therefore, each of the planets, according to Ptolemy, moves not just around the Earth, but around a certain point, which, in turn, moves in a circle, around the Earth. The Ptolemaic system of the universe was (under the auspices of the church) dominant in science for fourteen centuries. The first to offer new views on the universe were the great Italian scientists Nicholas of Cusa and Leonardo da Vinci , who argued that the Earth moves, that it is not the center of the Universe and does not occupy an extraordinary place in it.

The brave scientist who “moved the Earth, stopped the Sun” was the Pole Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543). The heliocentric (“helio” – the Sun) “system of the world” of Copernicus was not recognized by the church. According to the verdict of the Inquisition, in 1600, an outstanding Italian philosopher, a follower of Copernicus, Giordano Bruno (1548-1600), was burned in Rome, who, developing the teachings of Copernicus, argued that there is no and cannot be a center in the Universe, that the Sun is only center of the solar system. He also expressed a brilliant conjecture that the stars are the same “suns” as ours, and planets move around them, many of which have life.

Development of physics and astronomy

Initial data about fundamental physical theories formed the basis of modern physics and astronomy. From the middle of the XVI century. a qualitatively new stage in the development of physics begins – researchers begin to apply experiments and experiences. A powerful impetus to the formation of physics and astronomy as sciences was the scientific work of Isaac Newton. In his work “The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” (1687), he develops a mathematical apparatus for explaining and describing mechanical phenomena. On the laws formulated by him, the so-called classical (Newtonian) mechanics was built. And the famous law of universal gravitation laid the foundations of celestial mechanics. Newton’s genius lies in the fact that he proved the universality of the force of gravity, or gravity, that is, that the same force that acts on an apple during its fall to Earth, The moon, which revolves around the earth, also attracts. The force of gravity controls the movement of stars and galaxies, and also affects the evolution of the entire universe. The principle of inertia discovered by Galileo Galilei, the law of universal gravitation by Isaac Newton and the general theory of relativity by Albert Einstein – all these discoveries were later confirmed on the basis of astronomical data.

The influence of physics on technological progress

Rapid progress in the study of nature, revelation of new phenomena and laws of nature contributed to the development of society. Since the end of the 18th century, the development of physics has caused a rapid development of technology. At this time, steam engines appeared and improved. Due to their wide use in production and transport, this period of time is called the “epoch of steam”. At the same time, thermal processes are being studied in depth, and a new branch is being singled out in physics—thermodynamics. Many new discoveries are also taking place in the field of electricity and magnetism, which contributes to the development of the so-called classical electrodynamics, which explained the properties of electromagnetic fields, the electromagnetic nature of light.

At the end of the XIX and at the beginning of the XX century. electric machines appear and improve. Due to the widespread use of electrical energy, this time is called the “epoch of electricity”. In physics, new sections are distinguished – electrodynamics, electrical engineering, radio engineering, etc. At the beginning of the XX century. physicists obtained numerous experimental results that could not be reconciled with the provisions of classical mechanics and electrodynamics. A new stage of development begins in physics—the creation of quantum and relativistic theories. People have learned how to extract and widely use nuclear energy , explore outer space, design new automated devices and mechanisms. 20th century called “atomic age”, “space age”. In physics, intensive research is being carried out on the atomic nucleus, plasma, controlled thermonuclear reactions, semiconductors, and the like. Astronomy is developing intensively through the use of physical research.

Beginning of the 21st century accompanied by a huge breakthrough in the field of information technology, satellite communications, nanotechnology. But the basis in any field of engineering and technology is the laws of physics. Astronomy is closely related to other and natural sciences. On astronomical research, all the fundamental laws of physics are used, the methods of physics, mathematics, Chemistry and related sciencesare widely used. A feature of astronomy in comparison with other natural sciences is that it is predominantly an observational science. It can also be called a consumer of physical achievements and computer technology. At the same time, astronomy is a progressive science that enriches physics and chemistry with the results of studies of matter under such physical conditions ( temperature , pressure, magnetic field, etc.) that cannot be reproduced in terrestrial laboratories.

Conclusion

The ideological potential of the natural sciences has been tremendous. Physics and astronomy are not just the result of painstaking and inquisitive work of scientists, but also a great asset of human civilization, an important component of human culture. First of all, physics provides systematized information about the surrounding world along with the ability to obtain such information. Therefore, its methods and theories are widely used by other sciences, and most of all by astronomy.

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Thorp’s book “Beat the Dealer” about winning strategies in blackjack has taken the casino world by storm. With the mathematician and founder of information theory, Claude Shannon, Thorp invented the first portable computer that allowed you to win at roulette. Thorpe also came up with a strategy for counting cards in the card game baccarat.

Thorp is a Wall Street veteran with 50 years of experience. He developed and improved convertible trading strategies and founded two funds: Princeton Newport Partners and Ridgeline Partners. They brought him 20% of the annual profit.

Thorpe is now worth an estimated $800 million.

Childhood, passion for science and love for experiments

Edward Thorpe was born in Chicago in 1932 to military Oakley Glenn Thorpe. In early childhood, Thorp mastered arithmetic: he counted in his mind and calculated square and cube roots. One day he decided to count to a million and fell asleep on the number 32,576. And when he woke up, he continued from where he left off, his mother recalled .

With the outbreak of World War II, the family moved to California, to the town of Lomita near Los Angeles. In high school, Thorpe was most interested in practical classes in radio engineering and electronics, chemistry and physics. He loved to experiment and find out how everything works.

“Practical jokes and experiments were part of my method of studying the sciences. Having understood some theory, I tested it on my own invented experiments, many of which gave me a lot of pleasure. I learned to figure things out on my own, not limited by what teachers, parents, or the school curriculum demanded.”

For example, Thorp made a radio receiver to understand how invisible waves transmit sounds through space. At home, he arranged a chemical laboratory, where he conducted experiments: he produced hydrogen, he himself prepared gunpowder.

He created and tested other explosives: pyroxylin and nitroglycerin. He made bombs from pieces of water pipes, filled them with gunpowder and blew them up in the hills near the house.

In his senior year, Thorp began to think about how to predict the outcome of a game of roulette. He was not into gambling. For him, the task lay in the field of physics: he saw the similarity between a spinning tape measure and a planet orbiting.

When his English teacher Jack Chesson came from Las Vegas and told him that it was impossible to beat the casino, Thorp said that he would do it one day – and he succeeded.

Scientific career and gambling

The key to roulette and blackjack

In 1958, Thorpe received a degree in mathematics from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and began teaching. In graduate school, he married Vivian Sinetar, she studied at the department of English literature. They lived together all their lives and raised three children.

In 1959, Thorp moved to teach mathematics at MIT. Simultaneously with scientific research, Thorp received answers to questions that interested him – how to win at roulette and blackjack. For example there are new casinos with new roulette or blackjack and you can see all the new stuff on the new casinos website – there are the best Brazilian reviews and a lot of interesting casinos. In 1960-1961, Thorpe and MIT professor Claude Shannon worked together on a winning roulette strategy. They bought a decommissioned roulette wheel and, in the course of experiments , created the first portable computer.

The device, about the size of a pack of cigarettes, was placed in a shoe by one participant. The first time he pressed the button with his toe was when the roulette wheel was started. The second time the wheel made one revolution. The computer calculated the future position of the ball and sent a radio signal to the player. He had a radio under his clothes, from which a thin steel wire went to a speaker in his ear, where the signal was received.

After testing at the casino, Thorp and Shannon were convinced that the system worked. But the computer was technically flawed: the speaker sometimes got out of the ear, and the wires were torn, because of which it was necessary to leave the game. Thorpe and Shannon stopped using it.

Thorp has been thinking about how to win a blackjack (or “twenty-one”) card game since 1958. The researcher noticed that even experienced players do not understand the mathematics that underlies it. He figured he could find a way to consistently win at blackjack.

“It was n’t the money that attracted me to blackjack . I was fascinated by the possibility of finding a way to win with the power of thought from the comfort of my own room. I was also curious to explore the world of gambling, which I knew nothing about at the time.”

During the game, the composition of the deck changes . Which cards are eliminated and which remain affects the advantage of the player or the house. To derive patterns that are beneficial for the player, you need to calculate millions of card combinations. If Thorp did it by hand, on a calculator, he would not have had enough life. But at MIT, he could use the university’s IBM 704.

Thorp found that the more nines, ten (also queens, kings and jacks) and aces left in the deck, the better for the player. He developed several card counting strategies. In 1960, he finally deduced the optimal winning strategy – counting tens.

To understand if he has an advantage, the player monitors the ratio of the number of other cards to tens. There are 16 tens and 36 other cards in a full deck. 36 : 16 = 2.25. If the ratio is less than 2.25 at the time of betting, then there are many tens in the deck – and the player is in a winning position. The smaller the ratio is 2.25, the higher the advantage.

For betting, Thorpe applied the “Kelly Criterion”, which suggests making larger bets when the player has the advantage, and small bets when the house has the advantage.

Under this system, the player usually wins most of the big bets and ends up making a profit, although he can lose most of the small bets in unfavorable situations during the game.

Thorp and the Millionaires vs. the Casino

In 1961, The Boston Globe published an article about Thorpe, a mathematician who knows how to win at blackjack. Thorpe was inundated with letters and offers of financial support to test the casino strategy. Offers reached up to $100,000. Thorpe selected two candidates, multimillionaires from New York.

The first, Emanuel “Manny” Kimmel, owned the Kinney Parking car park network and was previously involved in alcohol smuggling, illegal lotteries and was associated with criminal gangs. The second, Eddie Hand, was Kimmel’s business partner in trucking.

In response to the skeptical attacks of the press in his direction, Thorp decided to prove that his theory worked,

“I decided to go to Nevada, partly to shut up the common and rather annoying ridicule of scientists: “If you’re so smart, why are you so poor?”

After the live meetings and practice games, Thorpe, Kimmel and Hand went to a casino in Reno. There Thorpe tested the tens-counting strategy.

Kimmel and Hand were willing to set aside a $100,000 bankroll—the total capital for the game. But Thorp agreed on $10,000. He didn’t want to risk it because he didn’t know much about the gaming world yet.

A tour of different casinos showed that the strategy worked. In one of the games, Thorpe and Kimmel brought out the table bank for two hours – $ 17 thousand. Of these, Thorpe won $6,000 and Kimmel won $11,000. Thorpe realized that he was losing concentration, left the game and cashed out his chips. Kimmel went on and lost his share.

“For me, blackjack was a game of math, not luck.”

After that, the partners played several more times. As a result, the trip to the casino ended in victory. In 30 hours, the capital of the players grew from $10,000 to $21,000.

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But there is another side to Yellowstone that is often overlooked: its hidden beauty. 

This blog post will take a look at some of the lesser-known places and things to see in Yellowstone, from bison wallows to wildflower meadows. Hopefully, this will give you a new appreciation for this amazing place.

Yellowstone: America’s first national park

Blog Introduction: Yellowstone National Park was established on March 1, 1872, making it the first national park in the United States and the world. Located in Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho, Yellowstone is home to a wide variety of wildlife including grizzly bears, wolves, bison, and elk. The park is also home to geothermal features such as geysers and hot springs.

The History of Yellowstone

Yellowstone National Park was established on March 1, 1872 by an act of Congress. The park was originally managed by the Secretary of the Interior but management was transferred to the National Park Service in 1916. Yellowstone is located in Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho and covers an area of over 2 million acres.

Wildlife

Yellowstone is home to a variety of wildlife species, including elk, bison, deer, pronghorn antelope, grizzly bears, black bears, wolves, coyotes, mountain lions, and wolverines. One of the most interesting aspects of these animals is their ability to adapt to their environment. For example, bison have evolved thicker fur coats as a way to protect themselves from cold winters. Grizzlies have developed larger skulls and teeth so that they can better crush bones while feeding. These adaptations allow these animals to thrive in Yellowstone’s diverse ecosystem. 

If you’re a student who needs to write an essay or any other type of paper about Yellowstone national park, services of paper writing service like PapersPoint can be a great help. PapersPoint.com is a reliable, affordable, and professional paper writing service that can take the stress out of essay writing. So whether you’re struggling to come up with a topic or just need some help getting your essay written correctly, PapersPoint can provide you with the assistance you need.

The Yellowstone caldera

Yellowstone is home to the largest supervolcano on the continent. The caldera, which is a large crater formed by a volcanic eruption, is approximately 34 miles wide and 45 miles long. It is believed to be between 600,000 and 800,000 years old. The last major eruption occurred approximately 640,000 years ago and released around 1,000 times more lava than the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. If the Yellowstone supervolcano were to erupt today, it would have devastating consequences for the planet. Scientists believe that an eruption of this magnitude would release so much ash into the atmosphere that it would block out the sun and cause global cooling for several years. 

The many geological  wonders of Yellowstone national park

Geysers

A geyser is a hot spring that periodically erupts, shooting jets of water and steam into the air. Yellowstone is home to more than 500 geysers, making it the largest concentration of geysers in the world. The most famous geyser in Yellowstone is Old Faithful, which erupts every 35-120 minutes.

Hot Springs

Hot springs are another common type of feature found in Yellowstone. These springs are formed when water seeps deep into the ground and is heated by volcanic heat sources. The water then rises back to the surface, where it is cooled by the surrounding air. Hot springs can vary significantly in size and temperature, with some being large enough to swim in and others being too hot to even stand near.

Mud Pots

Mud pots are small pools of water that are slightly acidic and full of clay particles. These mud pots form when hot springs or geysers dry up, leaving behind a pool of highly concentrated minerals. As rainwater percolates through these minerals, it dissolves them, creating a murky soup full of clay particles. When this mixture bubbles to the surface, a mud pot is formed.

Yellowstone National Park is truly a geological wonderland. 

Hiking, fishing, and camping in Yellowstone national park

Every year, millions of people visit the park to take in its natural beauty and to experience its unique geothermal features. But what many visitors don’t realize is that Yellowstone is also a mecca for scientific research. 

Hiking 

One of the most important ways that scientists study Yellowstone is by hiking through the park. By hiking, scientists are able to get an up-close look at the plants and animals that live there. They can also collect samples of soil, water, and air for analysis. Hiking is also a great way to track changes in the landscape over time. By comparing photos taken today with photos taken years ago, scientists can see how things like climate change and human activity are affecting the park.

Fishing 

Fishing is another popular activity in Yellowstone. While many people fish for recreation, scientists also use fishing as a tool to study the park’s aquatic ecosystem. By studying the fish that are caught in the park, scientists can learn about the health of the water bodies in which they live. 

They can also track changes in fish populations over time. Fishing can also be used to study the food web in Yellowstone. By examining the stomach contents of fish, scientists can see what they’re eating and how that affects their health. 

Camping

Camping is a great way to immerse yourself in nature and to get away from it all. But did you know that camping can also be used as a scientific tool? Scientists often use camping trips as an opportunity to study human-wildlife interactions. For example, they might observe how people react when they see a bear or other dangerous animal. 

Camping trips can also be used to study how humans impact the environment. By leaving behind trash or building campfires, humans can unintentionally damage delicate ecosystems. By studying these impacts, scientists can develop ways to prevent them from happening in the future. 

Conclusion

Yellowstone national park is a truly unique and beautiful place. It is home to a wide variety of wildlife and geological features, and provides visitors with the opportunity to enjoy many different activities. The scenery in Yellowstone is some of the most beautiful in the country, making it a hidden gem that everyone should visit at least once in their lifetime.

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The Grand Canyon: a natural wonder

The Grand Canyon is one of the most iconic natural wonders in the United States. This massive canyon, located in Arizona, is 277 miles long, 18 miles wide, and over a mile deep. Every year, millions of people from all over the world come to see the Grand Canyon. 

The Grand Canyon is truly a sight to behold. When you stand on the rim of the canyon and look out, you can see for miles. The colors of the rocks are also incredibly beautiful. The canyon is mostly red, but there are also shades of orange, yellow, and brown. 

The Grand Canyon was formed over millions of years by the Colorado River. The river carved out the canyon as it flowed through the area. Today, the Colorado River still flows through the canyon. Visitors can take rafting trips down the river to get a different perspective of the canyon. 

There are also many hiking trails in the Grand Canyon. Some of these trails are very challenging and require a lot of experience. Others are more beginner-friendly. No matter what your level of experience is, there is a trail for you. 

How the Grand Canyon was formed

The answer to that question is a bit complicated. The Colorado River is responsible for carving out the Grand Canyon, but it didn’t happen overnight. In fact, it took millions of years for the river to slowly chip away at the rock and create the canyon that we see today.

The first step in the formation of the Grand Canyon was the creation of the Colorado Plateau. This happened around 70 million years ago when a large chunk of earth’s crust began to lift up. Over time, this area continued to rise until it reached its current height of around 6,000 feet.

As the Colorado Plateau rose, so did the Colorado River. The river began to flow through the region, and over time, it carved out a deep canyon in the rocks. The process wasn’t always smooth sailing; there were times when the river changed course and carved out a new path. 

The Grand Canyon that we see today is actually relatively young; it was only formed around 6 million years ago. And even though it’s been millions of years since the formation of the Grand Canyon began, the Colorado River is still slowly carving away at the rocks. Someday, the Grand Canyon could be even more impressive than it is today!

The amazing age of the rocks at the bottom of the Grand Canyon

The rocks at the bottom of the Grand Canyon are some of the oldest in North America. In fact, they are so old that they date back to a time before there was even a continent called North America! That’s right, these rocks are around 2 billion years old. 

To put that into perspective, 2 billion years ago there were no humans on Earth. In fact, there were no animals at all! The only living things were single-celled organisms like bacteria. The landscape was very different as well; most of what is now dry land was actually covered by a shallow ocean. 

The Grand Canyon’s hidden caves

Deep within the Grand Canyon, there are more than 1,000 caves waiting to be explored. Formed over millions of years by the erosive power of water, these caves offer a rare glimpse into the geological history of the area. And with temperatures inside the caves averaging 10-15 degrees cooler than outside, they’re a perfect refuge from the summer heat!

Exploring the Caves

The vast majority of the Grand Canyon’s caves are located on its North and South Rims, with only a handful accessible from the river. The most popular cave for visitors is Crystal Cave, which is located on the South Rim and can be reached via a short hike from Hermits Rest. Other popular caves include Zoroaster Cave (also on the South Rim) and Marble Canyon Cave (on the North Rim). 

If you’re interested in exploring some of the less-travelled caves in the area, a good place to start is with one of the many guided tours offered by companies like Arizona Hiking Adventures or Discover Grand Canyon. These tours will not only take you to some of the more remote and difficult-to-reach caves, but will also provide you with an experienced guide who can help you navigate safely through them. 

Cave Safety

While exploring the caves of the Grand Canyon can be a fun and rewarding experience, it’s important to remember that they are wild places and should be treated with respect. Make sure to wear sturdy shoes and long pants to protect yourself from scrapes and bruises, and bring plenty of water to drink. A headlamp or flashlight is also essential, as is a first-aid kit in case of any accidents. And finally, always let someone know where you’re going and when you expect to be back – just in case! 

The Grand Canyon: A haven for wildlife

The Grand Canyon is home to many different types of wildlife, including bald eagles, coyotes, and black bears. 

Bald Eagles

Bald eagles are one of the most iconic symbols of America, and they can often be seen flying overhead in the Grand Canyon. These majestic birds of prey are usually found near bodies of water, as they rely on fish for a significant portion of their diet. However, bald eagles will also eat small mammals, reptiles, and even other birds.

Coyotes

Coyotes are another common sight in the Grand Canyon. These intelligent animals are highly adaptable and can be found in a variety of habitats, from deserts to forests to urban areas. Coyotes typically hunt in pairs or small groups, and their diet consists mostly of small mammals such as rabbits and rodents. 

Black Bears

Although they’re not as common as bald eagles or coyotes, black bears can also be found in the Grand Canyon—usually in the North Rim area. Black bears are solitary creatures and tend to be shy around humans. They are excellent climbers and swimmers, and their diet consists mainly of plants and fruits. 

Conclusion 

The Grand Canyon is one of the most amazing geological formations in the world. From its size to its age, to the different types of rocks and wildlife found there, the Grand Canyon is truly a wonder of nature. If you ever have the chance to visit, be sure to take some time to explore all that this incredible place has to offer.

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JGG publishes original research, applied and educational articles in all fields of geography and geology. Authors are encouraged to submit full, unpublished, original work that is not peer-reviewed in other journals.

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The Journal of Agricultural Science strives to provide the best platform for researchers and scientists worldwide to share their latest discoveries. Authors are encouraged to submit complete, unpublished, original papers that are not peer reviewed in other journals. The journal is published in both print and online versions, and the online version is available free of charge.

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The journal is published in both print and electronic versions semi-annually. The online version is freely accessible and downloadable.

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EER covers the following areas: conventional energy, new-style energy, energy policy, energy and sustainability, energy conversion, conservation and management; environmental education and training, ecosystem research, waste management strategies, environmental risk and safety assessment and management, environment and sustainability.

Authors are encouraged to submit full, unpublished, original and complete articles that are not peer-reviewed in any other journals.

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Authors are encouraged to submit complete, unpublished, original work that is not peer-reviewed in other journals.

The journal is published in both print and electronic versions. The online version is freely available and can be downloaded.

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